/**
 * @brief A mutex-like thread syncronization mechanism
 * @author Blake North <blake.north@digipen.edu>
 */

#include <cstddef>  // size_t
#include <cstring>  // memset
#include <iostream> // cout
#include <vector>   // vector

// used for threads
#include <pthread.h> // pthread
#include <unistd.h>  // sleep() - testing

#define NUM_THREADS 8

typedef void *(*ThreadTask)(const struct thread_data &);
typedef void *(*PthreadFun)(void *arg);

struct thread_group {
  bool wants_mutex[NUM_THREADS] = {0};       // set by the thread
  bool has_mutex[NUM_THREADS] = {0};         // set by us, read by thread
  bool can_ask_for_mutex[NUM_THREADS] = {1}; // set by us, read by thread
  bool threads_finished[NUM_THREADS] = {0};  // set by thread
  ThreadTask task;
  size_t total_threads;
  void *data;
};

struct thread_data {
  size_t id;
  bool *wants_mutex;
  const bool *has_mutex;
  const bool *can_ask_for_mutex;
  bool *is_finished;
  void *data;
};

void *thread_task_increment(const struct thread_data &thread) {
  // exists inside the loop
  const size_t max_loops = 10;
  size_t loops = 0;

  std::cout << "Hello from thread " << thread.id << "! (before run loop)"
            << std::endl;

  // thread loop, with an exit condition
  while (!(*thread.is_finished)) {
    // non-mutex operations
    {
      std::cout << "Hello from thread " << thread.id
                << "! (inside run loop, before mutex)" << std::endl;
    }

    // mutex
    {

      // wait for permission to ask for the mutex
      while (!*thread.can_ask_for_mutex)
        ;
      // say we want the mutex
      (*thread.wants_mutex) = true;
      // block until we have the mutex
      while (!*thread.has_mutex)
        ;

      // enter the mutex

      std::cout << "Hello from thread " << thread.id
                << "! (inside run loop, inside mutex)" << std::endl;

      *static_cast<int *>(thread.data) += 1;

      // tell the thread manager we don't need the mutex
      (*thread.wants_mutex) = false;
      // mutex exit
    }
    loops++;
    if (max_loops < loops)
      (*thread.is_finished) = true;
  }

  std::cout << "Hello from thread " << thread.id << "! (done)" << std::endl;

  pthread_exit(nullptr);
}

void do_threading(struct thread_group threads) {
  std::vector<struct thread_data> thread_data(threads.total_threads);
  std::vector<pthread_t> my_pthreads(threads.total_threads);

  // initialize (might already be done.)  TODO: figure out if this is needed

  // threads are responsible for telling us when they're blocked
  // start of the mutex
  memset(threads.wants_mutex, 0,
         threads.total_threads * sizeof(*threads.wants_mutex));

  // no threads are using the mutex to start with
  memset(threads.has_mutex, 0,
         threads.total_threads * sizeof(*threads.has_mutex));

  // no threads are finished at the start
  memset(threads.threads_finished, 0,
         threads.total_threads * sizeof(*threads.threads_finished));

  // at the start, we have the mutex and haven't given it
  memset(threads.can_ask_for_mutex, 1,
         threads.total_threads * sizeof(*threads.can_ask_for_mutex));

  // create thread data
  for (size_t tid = 0; tid < threads.total_threads; ++tid) {
    struct thread_data this_thread_data = {
        .id = tid,
        .wants_mutex = &threads.wants_mutex[tid],
        .has_mutex = &threads.has_mutex[tid],
        .can_ask_for_mutex = &threads.can_ask_for_mutex[tid],
        .is_finished = &threads.threads_finished[tid],
        .data = threads.data,
    };
    thread_data[tid] = this_thread_data;
  }

  // spawn threads (none will enter the mutex yet)
  for (size_t tid = 0; tid < threads.total_threads; ++tid) {
    pthread_create(&my_pthreads[tid], NULL,
                   reinterpret_cast<PthreadFun>(thread_task_increment),
                   &thread_data[tid]);
  }

  std::cout << "Threads have been spawned." << std::endl;

  // loop until all threads are done
  for (size_t finished_threads = 0; finished_threads < threads.total_threads;) {

    // TODO: make sure we cycle the mutex through threads round-robin style

    // hand off the mutex to threads that want it
    for (size_t tid_wants = 0; tid_wants < threads.total_threads; ++tid_wants) {

      if (threads.wants_mutex[tid_wants]) {
        // in case the mutex isn't used at all
        bool mutex_was_found = false;

        // find which thread has the mutex and hand it off if it's done
        for (size_t tid_has = 0; tid_has < threads.total_threads; ++tid_has) {

          if (threads.has_mutex[tid_has]) {
            // we found who has the mutex!
            mutex_was_found = true;

            // is the thread still using the mutex?
            if (!threads.wants_mutex[tid_has]) {

              // take the mutex from the thread that has it
              threads.has_mutex[tid_has] = false;
              threads.can_ask_for_mutex[tid_has] = true;
              // give the mutex to the thread that wants it
              threads.can_ask_for_mutex[tid_wants] = false;
              threads.has_mutex[tid_wants] = true;
            }

            break; // no need to look at the rest if we found who has the mutex
          }
        }

        // give the thread the mutex if it wasn't found to be in use
        if (!mutex_was_found) {
          threads.has_mutex[tid_wants] = true;
        }
      }
    }

    // find how many threads are done with the mutex
    finished_threads = 0;
    for (size_t tid = 0; tid < threads.total_threads; ++tid) {
      if (threads.threads_finished[tid])
        finished_threads += 1;
    }
  }

  // join all threads (just to make sure - they should already be done)
  for (size_t tid = 0; tid < threads.total_threads; ++tid) {
    pthread_join(my_pthreads[tid], nullptr);
  }
}

#define DBG_PRINT(v) #v << ": " << v

int main(void) {
  struct thread_group mythreads;

  // the count
  int count = 0;

  std::cout << "Pre: " << DBG_PRINT(count) << std::endl;

  mythreads.data = &count;
  mythreads.total_threads = NUM_THREADS;
  mythreads.task = thread_task_increment;

  do_threading(mythreads);

  std::cout << "Post: " << DBG_PRINT(count) << std::endl;
}